Directions: In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6.The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labelled as P, accordingly Q, R, and on S. the You Answer are required t
S6: In other words, despite the clear legacy in many parts of the world of recent glaciation, the vast majority of sedimentary rocks were laid down in warm climatic conditions.
P: Sediments and fossil in the poles tell us a great deal about the environment in which they were laid down.
Q: We must, of course, bear in mind when interpreting this information that, because of the movement of the continents, no one latitude of the Earth has necessarily gone through such marked climatic vicissitudes.
R: Nevertheless, even allowing for this factor, one of the most remarkable discoveries about the climate change of the past is that the two poles of the Earth have been free of ice for at least 90 per cent of the known history of the planet.
S: We may find in close proximity to one another, coal deposits indicating the humid conditions of the tropics, red sandstones laid down in deserts and morainic materials reflecting polar conditions.
Understanding the Sentence Ordering Task
This question requires us to arrange four jumbled sentences (P, Q, R, S) into a logical sequence between a fixed starting sentence (S1) and a fixed ending sentence (S6). The goal is to create a coherent paragraph that discusses the evidence for past climate change found in rocks and deposits.
Analyzing the Sentences
- S1: The primary evidence for climate change that occurred many million years ago is the rocks and deposits themselves. (Introduces the topic: geological evidence for past climate change.)
- S6: In other words, despite the clear legacy in many parts of the world of recent glaciation, the vast majority of sedimentary rocks were laid down in warm climatic conditions. (Provides a concluding summary, contrasting recent glaciation with long-term warm conditions.)
- P: Sediments and fossil in the poles tell us a great deal about the environment in which they were laid down. (Focuses on specific evidence - sediments and fossils - found in polar regions and what they indicate.)
- Q: We must, of course, bear in mind when interpreting this information that, because of the movement of the continents, no one latitude of the Earth has necessarily gone through such marked climatic vicissitudes. (Presents a crucial caveat for interpreting the evidence – continental drift affects our understanding of past climate zones.)
- R: Nevertheless, even allowing for this factor, one of the most remarkable discoveries about the climate change of the past is that the two poles of the Earth have been free of ice for at least 90 per cent of the known history of the planet. (Starts with "Nevertheless," indicating a contrast or significant point following previous considerations. It presents a major finding about the poles being largely ice-free.)
- S: We may find in close proximity to one another, coal deposits indicating the humid conditions of the tropics, red sandstones laid down in deserts and morainic materials reflecting polar conditions. (Gives concrete examples of diverse geological deposits found together, representing different climate zones.)
Constructing the Logical Flow (QSPR)
Let's determine the correct order by seeing how the sentences connect logically:
- S1: Starts the passage by stating that rocks and deposits are the primary evidence for past climate change.
- Q: Follows S1 by introducing a necessary caution: when interpreting this geological evidence, we must consider continental drift. This affects how we understand past climate variations (vicissitudes) at different latitudes. It prepares us for a more nuanced discussion.
- S: Provides specific examples of the diverse geological deposits mentioned in S1. It illustrates how different climate indicators (coal for tropics, sandstones for deserts, morainic materials for polar conditions) can be found together, showcasing the variety of evidence.
- P: Narrows the focus to evidence from specific locations. It elaborates on the 'polar conditions' mentioned in S by stating that sediments and fossils found in the poles reveal information about their past environments.
- R: Begins with "Nevertheless," linking back to the complexities and factors discussed in Q. It contrasts the potential for varied climate signals with a significant finding: the poles have largely been ice-free for most of Earth's history. This adds a major piece of information about long-term climate patterns.
- S6: Concludes the passage. It uses "In other words" to summarize the main point, contrasting the recent evidence of glaciation with the long-term stability of warm conditions, which aligns perfectly with the discovery presented in R.
Therefore, the correct order is QSPR.
Final Passage Structure
The sequence S1 - Q - S - P - R - S6 forms a coherent and logical passage:
S1: The primary evidence for climate change that occurred many million years ago is the rocks and deposits themselves. Q: We must, of course, bear in mind when interpreting this information that, because of the movement of the continents, no one latitude of the Earth has necessarily gone through such marked climatic vicissitudes. S: We may find in close proximity to one another, coal deposits indicating the humid conditions of the tropics, red sandstones laid down in deserts and morainic materials reflecting polar conditions. P: Sediments and fossil in the poles tell us a great deal about the environment in which they were laid down. R: Nevertheless, even allowing for this factor, one of the most remarkable discoveries about the climate change of the past is that the two poles of the Earth have been free of ice for at least 90 per cent of the known history of the planet. S6: In other words, despite the clear legacy in many parts of the world of recent glaciation, the vast majority of sedimentary rocks were laid down in warm climatic conditions.
Similar Questions
- S1: Britain was the first country to experience modern industrialisation.
S6: This gave people a wider choice of ways to spend their earnings and expanded the market for the sale of goods.
P: Stability meant that the Kingdom had common laws, a single currency and a market that was not fragmented by local authorities levying taxes on goods that passed through their area, thus increasing their price.
Q: It had been politically stable since the seventeenth century, with England, Wales and Scotland unified under a monarchy.
R: By the end of the seventeenth century, money was widely used as the medium of exchange.
S: As a consequence, a large section of the people received their income in the form of wages and salaries, rather than in goods. - S1: The word science originates from the Latin verb Scientia meaning "to know".
S6: By the middle of the twentieth century, science had become a truly international enterprise, with many cultures and countries contributing to its rapid growth.
P: Science, in a broad sense, is as old as the human species.
Q: From the sixteenth century onwards, great strides were also made in science in Europe.
R: The early civilisations of Egypt, India, China, Greece, Mesopotamia and many others made vital contributions to its progress.
S: The Sanskrit word Vijnana and the Arabic word Ilm convey a similar meaning, namely knowledge. - S1: In an economic sense, feudalism refers to a kind of system of agricultural production.
S6: Thus, feudalism went beyond economic aspects to cover the social and political aspects of life as well.
P: In fact, the latter cultivated their own land as well as that of the lord.
Q: It is based on the relationship between lords and peasants, who worked on the former's land.
R: They also had judicial control over the peasants.
S: The peasants also performed other labour for the lords, who in exchange provided military protection. - S1: People fall down from staircases in different ways in different countries.
S6: This is because for the Americans, their home is usually the only place where they regularly use the stairs.
P: They rely, instead, on the ease and safety of lifts and escalators which are ubiquitous in such places.
Q: This is not because the Japanese are more reckless staircase users, but simply because Americans don't much use the stairs in public places.
R: Staircase injuries, therefore, happen mostly in the home.
S: For instance, someone in Japan is far more likely to be hurt in a staircase fall in an office, department store or railway station than is anyone in the United States. - S1: The lantana plant is not native to India.
S6: However, eradicating lantana is a long and arduous process which can only be carried out with a lot of technical expertise and financial commitment.
P: Since then, it has spread over six lakh square kilometres, covering fifty percent of the country's natural areas.
Q: Research also shows that the lantana has invaded most pasture lands in the country.
R: It was introduced in the country as an ornamental plant by the British in the 1800s.
S: A 2020 estimate by researchers shows that the plant occupies forty percent of forests, including tiger reserves. - S1: William I had the land mapped, and distributed it in sections to one hundred eighty Norman nobles who had migrated with him to Britain.
S6: Thus, Anglo-Saxon peasants became tenants of various levels of landholders.
P: They could not, however, use their knights for private warfare, which was forbidden in England.
Q: They soon began to gift some of their own lands to knights who would serve them just as they in turn served the king.
R: They were obliged to supply a certain number of knights to the king.
S: These noble lords became the chief tenants of the king and were expected to give him military help. - S1: The Japanese empire was considered rich.
S6: Soon, other developments such as the increased use of money and the creation of a stock market in rice show that the economy was developing in new ways.
P: However, paying for these imports with gold and silver strained the economy and led the Tokugawa to put restrictions on the export of precious metals.
Q: Over time, the silk from Nishijin came to be known as the best in the world.
R: They also took steps to develop the silk industry in Nishijin in Kyoto so as to reduce imports.
S: This was because it imported luxury goods like silk from China and textiles from India. - S1: Biodiversity is crucial for the sustenance of life.
S6: After all, products that benefit customers must also positively impact the environment.
P: Corporations have a social responsibility to help navigate discourses on biodiversity and leverage opportunities for sustainable development.
Q: Conserving biodiversity requires the urgent collaboration between, and involvement of, individuals and corporations.
R: Further, customers' demand for greener products can be a catalyst for sustainability.
S: Redesigning manufacturing processes, adopting new technologies, and shifting to a paperless environment are ways to achieve such development. - S1: Among the momentous watersheds through which human beings have passed since their appearance over 100,000 years ago, none has been more profound in its consequences than the shift to agriculture.
S6: Unfortunately, such transformations disrupted delicate natural balances as humans sought enhanced control over their new modes of subsistence.
P: They did this by purposefully transforming landscapes with their agricultural fields and pastures.
Q: They lived much like the way in which their own hominid predecessors had lived for millions of years, as integral components of the Earth's ecosystems.
R: However, with the invention of practices of agriculture, these new farmers and herders began manipulating their surroundings to an unprecedented degree.
S: Before that, for countless generations, nearly all humans had lived as hunters and gatherers, dwelling together in small, stable, nomadic bands that operated in close harmony with nature. (P) facilitate the present and prospective entrepreneurs
(Q) for manufacturing and service units
(R) were notified in 2020, with guidelines to
(S) some new composite criteria of classification
Important Questions from Parajumbles
Three statements are followed by conclusions numbered I, II. You have to consider these statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statement.
Statements:
- All water is earth.
- All earth is fire.
- Some fire is air.
Conclusions:
- (I) Some air is earth.
- (II) Some fire is water.
In this question, three statements are given, followed by three conclusions numbered I, II, and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusion(s) logically follows/follow from the statements.
Statements:
No rose is an orchid.
All roses are lilies.
All lilies are lotuses.
Conclusions:
I. Some lilies are orchids.
II. Some lotuses are orchids.
III. All lilies are orchids.
(P) considered to be paradigmatic (Q) sociological study of peasant movements in India (R) the Telangana peasant revolt against the Nizam of Hyderabad in the 1940s is often (S) and the only instance worthy of attention in a comparative
(P) social movements, nonetheless (Q) their political institutions, process, and parties (R) one of the major attributes of and with (S) is their coexistence with national states and
(P) most of the minerals are nationalized (Q) extraction of minerals in India (R) is possible only after the (S) government grants permission as
