How does the vertical down welding position influence weld speed and penetration compared to vertical up welding?
Increases speed but reduces penetration
In vertical down welding the electrode is moved from top to bottom, so gravity helps the arc travel quickly along the joint.
This gives a faster welding speed, but the molten pool tends to run ahead of the arc, so the arc heats the deposited metal rather than the base metal.
As a result the penetration into the base metal is shallow compared with vertical up welding, which is slower but deeper.
Hence, the answer is Increases speed but reduces penetration.
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