How did Friedrich Wöhler challenge the vital force theory of organic compound synthesis?
By preparing urea from ammonium cyanate
The vital force theory held that organic compounds could be made only by living organisms through a 'vital force'.
In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler heated ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound, and obtained urea, an organic compound found in urine.
Making an organic compound in the laboratory from an inorganic one disproved the theory.
Hence, the answer is by preparing urea from ammonium cyanate.
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