Assertion A: Radical Victimology draws attention to the way in which the criminal justice system functions and focuses on human rights, and it also shows how the oppressor, the State, the social order and the privileged persons in the community victimize certain sections of the people in the society.
Reason R: It assumes that society is made up of many conflicting groups.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below
This question requires evaluating two statements about Radical Victimology.
Assertion A states that Radical Victimology highlights the workings of the criminal justice system, emphasizes human rights, and identifies how the state, social order, and privileged individuals contribute to the victimization of specific societal groups.
This statement accurately describes key aspects of Radical Victimology, which critiques existing power structures and their role in creating victims.
Reason R posits that Radical Victimology operates under the assumption that society is composed of numerous conflicting groups.
This assumption aligns with conflict theories, which often inform radical perspectives in social sciences, including victimology.
Both Assertion A and Reason R are factually correct statements concerning Radical Victimology and its theoretical underpinnings.
However, Reason R (the assumption of conflicting groups) serves as a broad theoretical basis rather than a direct explanation for the specific focus mentioned in Assertion A (the functioning of the CJS, human rights, and privileged victimization). While the conflict perspective (R) informs the critique of the CJS (A), R does not directly explain *how* the CJS functions or *why* human rights are central to the critique in the way A describes. Therefore, R is not the correct explanation of A.
Based on the analysis, both statements are correct, but Reason R does not directly explain Assertion A.
| LIST-I Justification of Punishment | LIST-II Explanation |
|---|---|
| A. Deterrence | I. Dissuading a person from future wrongdoing by making punishment severe enough so that pleasure of offence overweighs pain of punishment. |
| B. Incapacitation | II. Incarceration makes prisoners confined and incapacitated from committing crime. |
| C. Restoration | III. For some minor offences punishment may be in the form of fines and compensation to the victims. |
| D. Rehabilitation | IV. Punishments directed to reform the offenders intending to make them law abiding citizens. |
| LIST-I United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders | LIST-II Was held in |
|---|---|
| A. The First Congress, 1955 | I. Milan |
| B. The Seventh Congress, 1985 | II. Vienna |
| C. The Tenth Congress, 2000 | III. Geneva |
| D. The Thirteenth Congress, 2015 | IV. Doha, Qatar |
Morgenthau's principles of political realism are:
A. Politics is rooted in permanent and unchanging human nature which is basically self centred, self-regarding and self-interested
B. Politics is an autonomous sphere of action and cannot therefore be reduced to morals
C. International Politics is an arena of conflicting self-interests
D. The ethics of international relations is situational ethics which is very different from private morality
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Who among the following political thinkers consider the anarchical self help system to be a compelling factor for States to maximise their relative power positions?