Consider the following statements : (a) Brand equity is essentially the same as brand valuation. (b) Market segmentation and product differentiation are alternative marketing strategies. (c) Durable goods normally require less personal selling, after sales service and seller guarantees, than the non-durable goods. (d) Price discrimination in all forms is illegal in India. Indicate the correct statements :
None
Option 4 — None is correct: none of the four statements holds true.
Statement (a): Brand equity and brand valuation are not the same. Brand equity is the marketing/consumer-based value — awareness, loyalty, associations and perceived quality that a brand adds. Brand valuation is the accounting/financial exercise of putting a monetary figure on the brand. So (a) is false.
Statement (b): This is treated as false here. Although Wendell Smith's classic 1956 article did contrast product differentiation and market segmentation as strategic alternatives, modern marketing views them as complementary and jointly applied — firms segment the market and differentiate the offering together rather than choosing one instead of the other.
Statement (c): Reversed. Durable goods (cars, appliances) typically need MORE personal selling, after-sales service and seller guarantees than non-durables, because they are high-involvement, high-value, infrequent purchases. So (c) is false.
Statement (d): False. Not all forms of price discrimination are illegal in India; differential pricing is common and lawful, and only predatory or unfairly discriminatory pricing that harms competition is curbed under competition law.
Takeaway: Since every statement is wrong, the correct choice is "None".
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