Roland Robertson's Globalization Stages Explained

Roland Robertson, a key theorist in globalization studies, proposed a framework to understand its evolution. The correct chronological order of the stages presented is C, D, A, E, B.

Sequential Stages of Globalization

1. C. Emergence of nation states (incipient): This marks the initial phase where modern nation-states began to form, laying the groundwork for future global interactions.
2. D. Growth of Global communication (take-off): This stage signifies the acceleration of global communication networks, enabling faster and wider dissemination of information and ideas across borders.
3. A. Expansion of capital and capitalism (struggle for hegemony): Following the growth in communication, this phase involves the increasing dominance and expansion of capitalist economies globally, often involving competition for influence.
4. E. Rise of environmental crisis (uncertainty): As globalization deepens, complex issues like the environmental crisis emerge, introducing elements of uncertainty and global interdependence regarding shared challenges.
5. B. WTO; Global media, digital age (antagonism): This represents a contemporary stage characterized by established global institutions like the WTO, the pervasive influence of global media, and the digital age, often marked by complex interactions and potential conflicts or 'antagonism'.

Therefore, the correct sequence according to Robertson's framework, aligning with the provided options, is C, D, A, E, B.