Write down the major limitations of HDI developed by the UNDP.
Limitations of HDI developed by the UNDP:-
- Inequality within Countries: HDI provides an average national figure, masking significant disparities in income, education, and health within a country. A high average can hide deep inequalities between different regions or social groups.
- Qualitative Aspects Ignored: It focuses on quantitative measures (e.g., years of schooling) but doesn't capture the quality of education or healthcare services.
- Missing Dimensions: HDI omits crucial aspects of human development like political freedom, human rights, environmental sustainability, gender equality (though separate indices exist for some), and personal security.
- Data Reliability: The accuracy of HDI depends heavily on the quality and availability of reliable data from member countries, which can be inconsistent, especially in developing nations.
- Subjectivity of Weighting: The equal weighting given to its three dimensions (health, education, income) can be seen as arbitrary, as different societies might prioritize these differently.
- Income Focus: Although broader, a significant portion of the composite index still relies on GNI per capita, meaning it's not entirely independent of economic growth.
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