Who among the following established close relations with the French and modernized his army with their help?
Tipu Sultan
The question asks who built close ties with the French and used their help to modernise his army.
Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, was among the most determined Indian opponents of British expansion in the south during the late 18th century.
He sought a French alliance against the English East India Company, exchanging envoys, even sending a mission to France, and joined the Jacobin Club at Srirangapatna where he planted a 'Tree of Liberty'.
With French officers and expertise he trained and equipped his infantry on European lines and developed his famed Mysorean iron-cased rockets.
Mahadji Shinde was a Maratha chief of the Scindia house; Ali Wardi Khan was the Nawab of Bengal; and Shah Alam II was the Mughal emperor, none of whom is described by this French-alliance detail.
Thus the ruler defined by the French connection and army modernisation is Tipu Sultan.
Hence, the answer is Tipu Sultan.
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