In which year did Maharaja Ranjit Singh established his capital at Lahore?
1799
The question asks for the year in which Maharaja Ranjit Singh made Lahore his capital.
Ranjit Singh was the founder of the Sikh Empire in the Punjab region at the turn of the nineteenth century, welding the many rival Sikh misls (military confederacies) into a single centralised state under his own leadership.
Lahore was a strategically and politically pivotal city, the historic seat of power in the region, so capturing it was essential to establishing dominance over Punjab.
Taking advantage of the weakening Bhangi misl that then held the city, he seized Lahore in 1799 and made it the seat of his power, an event that marked the effective beginning of his rule.
Two years later, in 1801, he was formally proclaimed Maharaja of Punjab and had himself crowned at Lahore, consolidating his authority over the fast-growing kingdom.
The years 1829 and 1821 relate to later campaigns and consolidations of his long reign, while 1801 marks his coronation rather than the capture of the city, so those options are incorrect.
Therefore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh established his capital at Lahore in 1799.
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