Which one of the following hormones contains peptide chain?
Oxytocin
Understanding Hormone Structure: Identifying Peptide Chains
Hormones are chemical messengers in the body that regulate various physiological processes. They can be broadly classified based on their chemical structure. One major class of hormones is peptide hormones, which are composed of chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Analyzing the Hormone Options
Let's examine the structure of each hormone provided in the options to determine which one contains a peptide chain.
| Hormone | Chemical Nature | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Oxytocin | Peptide Hormone | A small peptide consisting of 9 amino acids. Synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. |
| Corticotrophin (ACTH) | Peptide Hormone | A polypeptide hormone consisting of 39 amino acids. Synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. |
| Insulin | Peptide Hormone | A peptide hormone consisting of two polypeptide chains (A and B) linked by disulfide bonds. Produced by the pancreas. |
| Cortisone | Steroid Hormone | A corticosteroid hormone derived from cholesterol. Steroid hormones have a characteristic four-ring structure and are lipids, not peptides. |
Identifying the Peptide Chain Hormone
Based on the structural classification:
- Oxytocin is a peptide composed of amino acids. Its structure is a nonapeptide (9 amino acids) with a disulfide bond.
- Corticotrophin (ACTH) is also a peptide, specifically a polypeptide of 39 amino acids.
- Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of two chains linked by disulfide bonds.
- Cortisone is a steroid hormone, which means it is lipid-based and derived from cholesterol, not made of amino acid chains.
The question asks which of the following hormones contains a peptide chain. All Oxytocin, Corticotrophin, and Insulin are peptide hormones, containing peptide chains. Cortisone is a steroid hormone and does not contain a peptide chain.
Among the given options, Oxytocin is a well-known peptide hormone.
Conclusion
Oxytocin is a hormone that contains a peptide chain, as it is composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Other options like Corticotrophin and Insulin are also peptide hormones, but Cortisone is a steroid hormone.
Revision Table: Hormone Types
| Hormone Type | Chemical Composition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Peptide/Protein Hormones | Amino acid chains (peptides or polypeptides) | Insulin, Glucagon, Growth Hormone, ADH, Oxytocin, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin |
| Steroid Hormones | Derived from cholesterol (lipid-based) | Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone |
| Amino Acid Derivatives | Modified amino acids | Thyroid hormones (T3, T4), Adrenaline (Epinephrine), Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine), Dopamine |
Additional Information on Peptide Hormones
Peptide hormones are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, processed in the Golgi apparatus, and stored in secretory vesicles. They are released from the cell via exocytosis. Because they are water-soluble, they travel freely in the bloodstream. Their receptors are typically located on the cell surface, and they often exert their effects by activating second messenger systems within the target cell.
The structure of Oxytocin can be represented as:
\(\text{Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly(NH}_2\text{)}\)
Here, Cys-Cys forms a disulfide bond. This chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds confirms its peptide nature.
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