Which of the following vitamins are water soluble ?
None of these
A, D and K are all fat-soluble, so none of the three is water soluble — option 4.
The two classes. Every vitamin falls into one or the other, and the division governs how the body handles it :
| Fat-soluble | Water-soluble | |
|---|---|---|
| Which | A, D, E, K | The B group and C |
| Stored ? | Yes — in the liver and fatty tissue | No, except B12; the excess is excreted in urine |
| Needed in the diet | Less frequently | Regularly |
| Risk of excess | Real — hypervitaminosis A and D are dangerous | Slight, since the surplus is passed out |
| Absorption | Requires bile and dietary fat | Absorbed directly |
The mnemonic is simply that the fat-soluble ones spell ADEK and everything else — the whole B complex and vitamin C — is water-soluble.
What each of the named vitamins does.
| Vitamin | Chemical name | Function and deficiency |
|---|---|---|
| A | Retinol | Vision in dim light and epithelial health; deficiency causes night blindness and xerophthalmia |
| D | Calciferol | Calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults; made in the skin from sunlight |
| K | Phylloquinone | Synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors; deficiency causes delayed clotting; partly made by gut bacteria |
The water-soluble ones, for contrast : B1 thiamine, deficiency beriberi; B2 riboflavin; B3 niacin, deficiency pellagra; B9 folic acid, needed in pregnancy against neural-tube defects; B12 cobalamin, deficiency pernicious anaemia; and C ascorbic acid, deficiency scurvy — the disease that once killed sailors on long voyages, and the reason limes were carried.
How to answer such a question. Recall the ADEK group first, then look at the options. If every option is in that group, the answer must be “none of these”.
Hence, the answer is None of these.
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