Blood group of an individual is determined by
None of the above
Blood group is decided by the antigens on the red-cell surface, which is none of the three options given — option 4.
What actually determines it. The membrane of the red blood cell carries inherited protein and carbohydrate markers called antigens or agglutinogens. In the ABO system there are two, A and B, and the plasma carries the corresponding antibodies or agglutinins against whichever antigen is absent :
| Group | Antigen on the red cell | Antibody in the plasma | Can receive from |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | A | anti-B | A, O |
| B | B | anti-A | B, O |
| AB | A and B | None | All — the universal recipient |
| O | None | anti-A and anti-B | O only — but is the universal donor |
Why each option fails. Haemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment inside the cell and is chemically identical in every blood group — it has nothing to do with grouping. White cells play no part; grouping is a property of the red cell alone. And the shape of the red cell is the same biconcave disc in every group; an altered shape means disease, as in sickle-cell anaemia, not a different group.
The Rh factor. A separate antigen, D, gives the positive or negative sign. Its importance is in pregnancy: an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive child may form antibodies that attack the red cells of a later such child, a condition called erythroblastosis fetalis, prevented by giving anti-D immunoglobulin.
Discovery. The ABO system was described by Karl Landsteiner in 1900, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1930; it is what made safe transfusion possible.
Hence, the answer is None of the above.
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