Which of the following statements about the Vaishnava saint of Assam, Shankardeva, is / are correct? 1. His teachings are often known as the Bhagavati dharma. 2. He encouraged the establishment of satras or monasteries and namghars or prayer halls for the transmission of spiritual knowledge. 3. His major compositions include the Kirtana - ghosha. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1, 2 and 3
Understanding the Vaishnava Saint Shankardeva of Assam
Let's carefully examine the statements about the great Vaishnava saint of Assam, Shankardeva, and his significant contributions to Assamese society and religion.
Analyzing Statement 1: Bhagavati Dharma
The first statement says his teachings are often known as the Bhagavati dharma. Shankardeva's religious movement is primarily known as Ekasarana Dharma (the religion of surrendering to one God) or Mahapurushiya Dharma. This philosophy emphasizes devotion to a single deity, Vishnu/Krishna. While the term 'Bhagavati dharma' might not be the primary name, his teachings heavily rely on texts like the Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad Gita, which focus on Bhagavan (God). Therefore, referring to his teachings in the context of these texts as Bhagavati dharma is considered accurate in certain contexts.
- Shankardeva's main teaching is Ekasarana Dharma.
- It focuses on devotion to one God, Vishnu/Krishna.
- Key texts are Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad Gita.
- Given the focus on Bhagavan (God) from these texts, the term Bhagavati dharma is sometimes associated with his teachings.
Analyzing Statement 2: Establishment of Satras and Namghars
The second statement claims he encouraged the establishment of satras and namghars for transmitting spiritual knowledge. This is a foundational aspect of Shankardeva's movement. Satras were established as monastic centers for religious learning, practice, and propagation of the faith. Namghars, or prayer halls, served as community centers for devotees to gather, pray, sing devotional songs (kirtans), and discuss religious matters. These institutions were crucial for spreading Ekasarana Dharma across Assam and continue to be important cultural and religious hubs.
- Shankardeva established Satras as religious and monastic centers.
- He also promoted Namghars as community prayer halls.
- These institutions were vital for spreading his teachings and fostering community bonds.
Analyzing Statement 3: Major Composition Kirtana-ghosha
The third statement mentions Kirtana-ghosha as one of his major compositions. This is absolutely correct. Kirtana-ghosha is one of the most important and popular works by Shankardeva. It is a collection of devotional songs (kirtans) praising Vishnu and Krishna, narrating their lives and deeds. It is a central scripture for the followers of Ekasarana Dharma and is sung regularly in namghars and satras.
- Kirtana-ghosha is a key literary work by Shankardeva.
- It is a collection of devotional songs about Vishnu/Krishna.
- It holds immense importance in the Ekasarana Dharma tradition.
Summary of Statement Analysis
Let's summarize our analysis of each statement:
| Statement | Analysis | Correctness |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Teachings known as Bhagavati dharma | His teachings (Ekasarana Dharma) are based on texts like Bhagavata, hence sometimes referred to in this context. | Correct |
| 2. Encouraged establishment of Satras and Namghars | He actively established and promoted these institutions as centers for his movement. | Correct |
| 3. Major composition includes Kirtana-ghosha | Kirtana-ghosha is one of his most famous and important works. | Correct |
Based on the analysis, all three statements are correct regarding the Vaishnava saint of Assam, Shankardeva.
Revision Table: Shankardeva's Contributions
| Contribution Area | Key Aspects |
|---|---|
| Religious Movement | Founded Ekasarana Dharma (Mahapurushiya Dharma), emphasizing devotion to one God (Vishnu/Krishna). |
| Institutional Building | Established Satras (monasteries) and Namghars (prayer halls) as centers for practice, learning, and community. |
| Literary Works | Authored numerous devotional songs (Kirtana-ghosha), dramas (Ankiya Nat), poetry, and translated scriptures, shaping Assamese literature. |
| Social Reform | Promoted equality among castes and communities, fostering social harmony through his devotional movement. |
Additional Information: Ekasarana Dharma and Assamese Vaishnavism
Ekasarana Dharma, founded by Shankardeva in the 15th-16th century, is a prominent form of Vaishnavism in Assam. Unlike some other Vaishnava traditions, it primarily emphasizes devotion through listening (shravana) and chanting (kirtana) the name of God (Vishnu/Krishna) and surrendering completely to Him. The philosophy rejects idol worship in its purest form and instead focuses on the devotion to the 'Nama' (name) of God represented by the holy book, particularly the Bhagavata Purana, placed on an altar called 'Thapana'. The Guru (Shankardeva and his successors) holds a revered position. The movement played a significant role in unifying Assamese society and enriching its culture, literature, and arts.
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