Which of the following events is well-known for first outlining various principles of ethical conduct in research ?
The Nuremburg Code
Research ethics developed largely as a response to abuses of human participants. After the Second World War, the Nuremberg trials exposed cruel medical experiments carried out by Nazi doctors on prisoners without their consent. In 1947 the judges set out ten principles for permissible medical experiments, known as the Nuremberg Code, and it is regarded as the first major international document on ethical conduct in research.
The Code laid down that voluntary informed consent of the human participant is absolutely essential, that the research must aim at results useful to society, that unnecessary physical and mental suffering must be avoided, that risks must never exceed the expected benefits and that the participant must be free to withdraw at any time. Later guidelines were built on these principles.
The Declaration of Helsinki was adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964, well after the Nuremberg Code, and it developed those ideas further for medical research. The Belmont Report of 1979 in the United States set out respect for persons, beneficence and justice, again much later. The Berlin Code is not recognised as the first document of research ethics.
Hence, The Nuremburg Code.
Similar Questions
What is the primary purpose of obtaining informed consent in research ?
The informed consent given to the research participants includes information about :
(i) Purpose
(ii) Procedures and risks
(iii) Benefits and alternative procedures
(iv) Limits of confidentiality
Which of the following is not the principle of Biomedical ethics ?
Which type of cloning is ethically and legally objectionable ?
............... type of research misconduct involves making up or falsifying data.
Respondent’s name is changed but location is not changed. This suggests ................... .
Confidentiality does not mean ..................... .
Research ethics prescribe guidelines to protect from ............... .
Important Questions from Ethics in Research - Teaching
- Ethical considerations in Educational Research include
A. Informed consent
B. Confidentiality of participant data
C. Manipulation of data to support hypothesis
D. Avoidance of plagiarism
E. Providing misleading information to participants
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: - Assertion (A): Reproductive technologies are evolving faster than societies can weigh the ethics of these procedures.
Reason (R) : Not enough research is available regarding the long term health and psychological consequences of these procedures.
Codes : - Psychological research does not allow one of the following activities:
- What went wrong with the experiment because of which it was terminated on the 6th day ?
- The experiment:
