............... type of research misconduct involves making up or falsifying data.
Fabrication
Research misconduct is commonly defined through three core forms: fabrication, falsification and plagiarism (FFP). Each corrupts the research record in a different way.
Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them as if they had been obtained. It is grouped with falsification, which is manipulating materials, equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data so that the record does not reflect the actual work. Making up or falsifying data therefore falls under fabrication in the sense the question uses.
Plagiarism is appropriating another person’s ideas, words or results without credit; it misrepresents authorship, not data. Misinterpretation is drawing a wrong conclusion from genuine data, which may be an honest error. Biased sampling is a methodological weakness in selecting participants and does not involve inventing data.
Fabrication option is correct.
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C. Manipulation of data to support hypothesis
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E. Providing misleading information to participants
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