Which of the following articles protects a person from being punished more than once for the same offence?
Article 20
Understanding Protection Against Double Punishment
The question asks about the article in the Indian Constitution that protects an individual from being punished more than once for the same offence. This protection is a fundamental right and a key principle of criminal law known as the rule against 'double jeopardy' or 'double punishment'.
Let's examine the options provided:
- Article 22
- Article 20
- Article 23
- Article 21
We need to identify which of these articles specifically deals with protection against being punished twice for the same act.
Analyzing the Articles and Double Jeopardy Protection
Let's look at what each of these articles primarily covers:
- Article 20: This article provides protection in respect of conviction for offences. It has three clauses:
- Clause (1): Protection against ex post facto laws (no conviction except for violation of law in force at the time of the act).
- Clause (2): Protection against double jeopardy (no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once).
- Clause (3): Protection against self-incrimination (no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself).
- Article 21: This article states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. It is a broad article guaranteeing the right to life and personal liberty.
- Article 22: This article provides protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. It deals with the rights of a person who is arrested or detained.
- Article 23: This article prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour. It deals with the right against exploitation.
Based on this analysis, Article 20 is the article that provides protection against double punishment for the same offence.
Comparison of Relevant Articles
| Article | Primary Protection | Relevance to Double Punishment |
|---|---|---|
| Article 20 | Protection in respect of conviction for offences (including ex post facto laws, double jeopardy, self-incrimination) | Directly relevant (Clause 2 protects against double punishment) |
| Article 21 | Protection of life and personal liberty | Not directly related |
| Article 22 | Protection against arrest and detention | Not directly related |
| Article 23 | Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour | Not directly related |
Therefore, Article 20 is the correct answer as it explicitly provides the fundamental right against double jeopardy, meaning a person cannot be prosecuted and punished twice for the same offence.
Revision Table: Fundamental Rights in Focus
| Fundamental Right | Article(s) |
|---|---|
| Right to Equality | Articles 14-18 |
| Right to Freedom | Articles 19-22 |
| Right against Exploitation | Articles 23-24 |
| Right to Freedom of Religion | Articles 25-28 |
| Cultural and Educational Rights | Articles 29-30 |
| Right to Constitutional Remedies | Article 32 |
Additional Information on Double Jeopardy Protection
The rule against double jeopardy is based on the legal maxim 'Nemo Debet Bis Vexari Pro Una Et Eadem Causa', which means 'no one should be vexed twice for the same cause'. This principle is intended to prevent harassment and oppression of the accused by successive criminal proceedings for the same offence. Key aspects include:
- The protection is available only when the person has been 'prosecuted and punished'. Mere prosecution without punishment, or punishment without prosecution, does not attract this clause.
- The 'offence' must be the same for both proceedings.
- The proceedings must be before a judicial tribunal or a tribunal required by law to act judicially. Departmental or administrative inquiries and punishments do not fall under the scope of Article 20(2).
This fundamental right ensures fair treatment and prevents the state from repeatedly trying an individual for the same crime after an acquittal or conviction.
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