Which factor most directly contributed to the emergence of the Sanyasi–Fakir rebellion in Bengal?
Forced taxation and famine pushed dispossessed peasants into rebel groups.
The Sanyasi–Fakir rebellion broke out in Bengal in the late 18th century, in the years after the East India Company acquired the Diwani (revenue rights) of Bengal in 1765.
The devastating Bengal famine of 1770 wiped out a large part of the population, yet the Company kept up its heavy, rigid revenue demands, ruining peasants and zamindars alike.
Large numbers of dispossessed peasants, disbanded soldiers and wandering ascetics — Hindu sanyasis and Muslim fakirs — were driven to armed raids against Company officials and their treasuries.
The alternatives describing British protection improving rural life, irrigated farming reducing dependence on religious leaders, or stable land rights letting peasants negotiate with revenue contractors all describe prosperity or security that did not exist in Company-ruled Bengal; such conditions would have removed the grievances rather than sparking a revolt.
Hence, the factor that most directly contributed to the rebellion was forced taxation combined with famine, which pushed dispossessed peasants into the rebel groups.
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