Discuss the types of Penetrative and Non-penetrative lineations with the help of suitable diagrams and throw light on their genesis.
Lineations are linear geological features within rocks, representing a preferred orientation or alignment of elements. They are categorized based on their scale and distribution.
Penetrative Lineations: These occur pervasively throughout the rock body, visible at all scales.
Types:
Mineral lineation: Aligned elongate mineral grains (e.g., hornblende) within metamorphic rocks. (Diagram: Arrows showing preferred alignment of elongated mineral crystals).
Stretching lineation: Elongated clasts, pebbles, or fossils, indicative of maximum extension. (Diagram: Deformed, stretched ovoid shapes aligned in a common direction).
Crenulation lineation: Micro-fold hinges on foliation surfaces. (Diagram: Wavy lines showing micro-folds with parallel hinges on a larger planar surface).
Genesis: Reflect intense ductile deformation involving bulk strain and material flow, causing reorientation and elongation of components.
Non-penetrative Lineations: These are localized and do not occur uniformly throughout the rock mass.
Types:
Intersection lineation: Formed by the intersection of two planar features (e.g., bedding and cleavage). (Diagram: Two intersecting planes creating a visible line on their common surface).
Boudinage: Elongated, segmented lenses of a competent layer within a less competent matrix, due to extension. (Diagram: A layer broken into sausage-like segments).
Genesis: Formed by geometric intersection of features or localized brittle/ductile extension within specific layers.
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