Chola and Chera Dynasties' Historical Role

The question asks which establishment was not directly linked to the Chola or Chera dynasties. Both dynasties significantly influenced South Indian history, particularly in maritime activities, culture, and administration.

Evaluating Dynasty Associations

• Naval expeditions to Southeast Asia: The Chola dynasty, under rulers like Rajendra Chola I, famously launched major naval expeditions to Southeast Asia (e.g., Srivijaya). This demonstrates a direct Chola responsibility.
• Tamil literary renaissance: Both Chola and Chera periods saw a flourishing of Tamil literature, often referred to as a renaissance, supported by royal patronage. This indicates a direct association.
• Devadasi temple system: The Devadasi system, involving women dedicated to temple service, gained prominence and structure during the Chola period, becoming integrated into temple practices. This shows a direct link.
• Bahmani kingdom: The Bahmani Sultanate emerged in the Deccan region in 1347 AD, long after the peak influence of the Cholas and Cheras waned. It was founded by Hasan Gangu (Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah), unrelated to the Chola or Chera dynasties. Its establishment represents a different historical trajectory in medieval India.

Conclusion on Bahmani Kingdom

Therefore, the Bahmani kingdom stands out as an entity not directly established or significantly influenced by the Chola or Chera dynasties.