In a longitudinal study, factors such as maturation changes, mortality would be considered threats to what ?
Internal validity
Internal validity is the confidence that the observed change in the dependent variable is caused by the treatment and not by other factors.
Maturation is natural growth or change in subjects over time, which can produce effects on its own in a long study.
Mortality (attrition) is the loss of subjects during the study, which can change the make-up of the groups.
Both are classic threats to internal validity listed by Campbell and Stanley, along with history, testing, instrumentation, regression and selection. They do not concern statistical significance or reliability, and instrumentation is itself one of the threats, not what is threatened.
Hence, the answer is Internal validity.
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