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If \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} y & z & x \\ z & x & y \\ x & y & z \end{bmatrix} \] where \( x, y, z \) are integers, is an orthogonal matrix, then what is the value of \( x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \)?

This question was previously asked in
NDA 2 2025 GAT Question Paper (14-Sep-2025)
The correct answer is

1

For orthogonal matrix: \( A^T A = I \). Dot product of any row with itself = 1, and with others = 0.

First row = [y z x]. Its dot with itself: \( y^2 + z^2 + x^2 = 1 \)

Answer: (b) 1

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