‘Human Capacity’ under Building Trade Capacity as per efforts made by WTO to meet special requirements of developing countries refers to help on which of the following :
Trade Lawyers
Trade lawyers — that is, trained people — option 4.
The distinction being tested. Trade capacity building in the WTO’s usage covers several different kinds of deficiency that hold developing countries back, and the question turns on matching each option to its own category :
| Kind of capacity | What it means | Which option |
|---|---|---|
| Human capacity | Trained people — negotiators, officials, and trade lawyers able to argue a case in a dispute | 4 |
| Physical infrastructure | Roads, ports, warehouses, telecommunications | 1 |
| Institutional capacity | National standards authorities, customs administration, testing and certification bodies | 2 and 3 |
Why lawyers in particular. WTO membership confers rights that are worth nothing unless a country can use them. Its Dispute Settlement Understanding is a legal process: a member must be able to bring a complaint, marshal evidence, argue before a panel and appeal. A developing country with no specialists in trade law cannot do that, and in practice does not litigate at all, however strong its case. The Advisory Centre on WTO Law, established in Geneva in 2001, exists specifically to supply that expertise at subsidised rates.
The WTO’s provisions for developing countries, of which capacity building is one strand :
| Provision | Content |
|---|---|
| Special and Differential Treatment | Longer transition periods, lighter obligations, greater flexibility |
| Technical assistance and training | Courses, seminars, reference centres for officials |
| Aid for Trade | Financing infrastructure and productive capacity so that trade rules can be used |
| Enhanced Integrated Framework | Targeted at the least-developed countries |
The general principle the question illustrates is that market access alone does not produce trade. A country also needs the physical means to move goods, the institutions to certify them, and the people to negotiate and defend its interests — and the third of these is what “human capacity” names.
Hence, the answer is Trade Lawyers.
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