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Consider the following statements about innovation and research and development in India:
1. India's rank in Global Innovation Index reported by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has improved significantly between 2015 and 2024.
2. Funding of research and development is sourced primarily from private sector entities and is sectorally concentrated in pharmaceuticals and information technology.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

This question was previously asked in
CDS 2 2025 Maths Question Paper (14-Sep-2025)
The correct answer is
1 only

Understanding Innovation and R&D Statements in India

This question asks us to evaluate two statements regarding innovation and research and development (R&D) in India, specifically concerning the Global Innovation Index (GII) and the sources/sectors of R&D funding.

Analyzing Statement 1: Global Innovation Index Rank

Statement 1 claims that India's rank in the Global Innovation Index (GII), reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), has improved significantly between 2015 and 2024.

  • The Global Innovation Index (GII) is a comprehensive annual report that ranks world economies according to their innovation capabilities.
  • WIPO publishes this index, evaluating metrics like institutions, human capital & research, infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge & technology outputs, and creative outputs.
  • Data shows a clear upward trend for India's GII ranking over the specified period. For instance, India ranked 81st in 2015 and has shown substantial progress, reaching 40th position in 2023. This consistent improvement indicates significant advancement in India's innovation landscape.

Therefore, Statement 1 appears to be correct.

Analyzing Statement 2: R&D Funding and Concentration

Statement 2 focuses on the sources and sectoral distribution of R&D funding in India. It states that funding comes primarily from the private sector and is sectorally concentrated in pharmaceuticals and information technology.

  • Funding Sources: While private sector investment in R&D has been growing in India, government funding remains a critical component. Public sector institutions, government grants, and research councils play a substantial role, especially in basic research and strategic areas. Thus, stating that funding is primarily from the private sector might not be accurate. Both public and private funding contribute significantly to India's overall R&D expenditure.
  • Sectoral Concentration: Pharmaceuticals and Information Technology (IT) are indeed major sectors driving R&D and innovation in India. However, R&D activities are also significant in other domains such as automotive, biotechnology, chemicals, aerospace, and defense. Attributing the concentration primarily to only these two sectors might overlook the contributions and potential in other vital fields.

Based on this analysis, Statement 2 seems incorrect as it potentially oversimplifies the funding sources and sectoral focus.

Conclusion on Correct Statements

Considering the analysis of both statements:

  • Statement 1 is correct regarding the significant improvement in India's GII rank.
  • Statement 2 is likely incorrect due to the characterization of R&D funding sources and sectoral concentration.

Therefore, only the first statement is correct.

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Important Questions from Indian Economic and Human Geography

  1. Which of the following Indian states has the greatest number of sugar mills?

  2. Consider the following crops:

    1. Cotton

    2. Groundnut

    3. Rice

    4. Wheat

    Which of these are Kharif crops?

  3. India possesses an expansive and continuously growing road network, vital for its economic and social development. When considering the cumulative length of national highways, state highways, and other categories of roads, India's road system is surpassed in total length by only one other country globally. What is India's rank in the world in terms of its total road network length?

  4. According to the 2011 Census of India, which state has lowest population density?

  5. In India, oil wells are found in:

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