a. Token economy
b. Punishment
c. Time-out
d. Withdrawal of reinforcement
Operant Conditioning in Behavior Modification
Behavior modification aims to change behavior using learning principles. Operant conditioning, focusing on the relationship between behavior and its consequences, offers several techniques.
Token Economy
A token economy is a behavioral system where desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens. These tokens act as secondary reinforcers and can later be exchanged for primary rewards or privileges. This directly applies principles of positive reinforcement to increase specific actions.
Time-Out
Time-out involves removing a participant from a situation or withdrawing positive reinforcement for a period after an undesirable behavior occurs. This aims to decrease the frequency of the unwanted behavior. It is considered a form of negative punishment.
Application Summary
Both token economy (a) and time-out (c) are widely recognized and applied methods within operant conditioning for behavior modification purposes.
- Token Economy (a): Uses reinforcement (tokens) to increase positive behaviors.
- Time-Out (c): Uses removal of reinforcement or privileges to decrease negative behaviors.
Therefore, the combination of token economy and time-out represents key applications of operant conditioning in behavior modification.
Important Questions from Principles and theories of learning
- A procedure that provides information to the learner in small steps, guarantees immediate feedback and allows the learner to determine the pace with which to complete the task. It is called
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below :
List – I List – II a. Observational learning i. Learning where an object is located b. Place learning ii. A response that can be observed by others c. Overt responding iii. The process whereby information is acquired by attending to events in the environment d. Latent learning iv. Learning that takes place independent of reinforcement - Punishment given frequently to young students leads to
- Read each of the following two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R); and indicate your answer using codes given below :
Assertion (A) : Hull proposed that Reaction Potential ($S_E R$) is the product of Habit Strength ($S_H R$) and Drive (D) from this some testable prediction can be made about the rate of eye lid conditioning in relation to drive.
Reason (R) : Hull’s theory is based on Hypothetico-Deductive model which involved deducting testable consequences based on postulates. - What is Thorndike's law of effect?
