Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) - A Unique Freshwater Species

Why in news?

Ganges river dolphin tagged for the first time in India.

About The Gangetic Dolphin

• Names: Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica),
• Found in: It is a freshwater dolphin found in the river systems of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
• It is a crucial indicator species of the health of the river ecosystem, highlighting the need for effective conservation efforts.

Key Features of the Gangetic Dolphin

• Scientific Name: Platanista gangetica
• Common Names: Blind Dolphin, Ganges Susu, South Asian River Dolphin, Hihu.
• Habitat: Inhabits the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems, including the Ganges River Basin.
• Physical Features:
  • A long, thin snout, stocky body, and large flippers.
  • Lack of functional eyes (hence referred to as the "blind dolphin").
  • Bio-sonar system to navigate and hunt in murky waters.
• Behavior: Typically found in small groups or alone, with mothers and calves often traveling together. Breathing occurs every 30-120 seconds as the dolphin cannot breathe underwater.
• Diet: The Gangetic Dolphin primarily feeds on fish and thrives in counter-current systems in the main river channels.

Conservation Status

• IUCN Status: Endangered.
• Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act: Schedule I.
• CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species): Appendix I.

Importance of the Gangetic Dolphin

• Recognized as India's National Aquatic Animal since 2009, symbolizing the country's commitment to preserving aquatic life.
• Acts as a reliable indicator of river ecosystem health, making it essential for environmental monitoring.

Threats to the Gangetic Dolphin

• Unintentional killing through entanglement in fishing gear.
• Poaching for dolphin oil, used in fish attracting and medicinal purposes.
• Habitat destruction caused by pollution, development projects, and the construction of dams.

Conservation Efforts

• Project Dolphin aims to safeguard this endangered species and their habitats.
• The Vikramshila Ganges Dolphin Sanctuary in Bihar provides protection and a safe haven for the dolphins.
• National Ganga River Dolphin Day is observed annually on 5th October to raise awareness about the species and its conservation needs.

Why the Gangetic Dolphin Matters

• The Ganges River Dolphin is a symbol of India's aquatic biodiversity and a key focus of conservation programs. As an endangered species, its survival is intertwined with the health of the Ganges and other freshwater ecosystems in the region.