The equation $E = mc^2$ represents the mass-energy equivalence, a core principle in physics.
It demonstrates that energy ($E$) and mass ($m$) are related and can be converted into one another, with the speed of light ($c$) being the conversion factor.
The formulation of the groundbreaking equation $E = mc^2$ is credited to Albert Einstein.
He introduced this equation as part of his 1905 theory of special relativity.
Based on historical scientific contributions:
Therefore, the scientist who formulated the equation $E = mc^2$ is Albert Einstein.
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