Which of the following was the first international agreement to establish legally binding emission reduction targets specifically for developed countries?
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 (entering into force in 2005) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It was the first agreement to set legally binding greenhouse-gas emission reduction targets, and it placed these obligations specifically on developed (Annex I) countries, reflecting the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities".
The Rio Declaration (1992) laid down broad principles of sustainable development but set no binding emission targets. The Paris Agreement (2015) came later and relies on voluntary, nationally determined contributions rather than binding targets imposed only on developed nations. The Basel Convention deals with the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, not emissions.
Hence, the first agreement to set legally binding emission-reduction targets for developed countries is the Kyoto Protocol.
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