Which of the following findings are seen in Diabetic Retinopathy on fundus examination? 1. Microaneurysm 2. Dot and blot hemorrhage 3. Retinal thickening 4. Neovascularization Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Diabetic Retinopathy Fundus Findings
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes affecting the eyes. Fundus examination helps identify characteristic signs. Let's analyze the listed findings:
- 1. Microaneurysms: These are small, outward bulges in the walls of retinal capillaries. They are often the earliest detectable sign of diabetic damage to retinal blood vessels.
- 2. Dot and Blot Hemorrhages: These appear as small, dark red spots on the retina, resulting from leakage or rupture of microaneurysms or small capillaries. They are common findings in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
- 3. Retinal Thickening: This finding is usually indicative of diabetic macular edema (DME), where fluid accumulates in the layers of the macula, causing swelling. While DME is a significant complication of DR, retinal thickening itself isn't always listed as a primary vascular lesion characteristic of DR in the same way as microaneurysms or hemorrhages.
- 4. Neovascularization: This refers to the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels, typically on the surface of the optic disc (NVD) or elsewhere on the retina (NVE). It signifies the progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a more severe stage.
Based on the typical presentation of Diabetic Retinopathy during a fundus examination, microaneurysms, dot and blot hemorrhages, and neovascularization are considered key pathological findings directly related to vascular changes and disease progression. Retinal thickening is primarily associated with macular edema, a complication.
Therefore, the findings commonly seen in Diabetic Retinopathy are microaneurysm (1), dot and blot hemorrhage (2), and neovascularization (4).
Important Questions from Diabetes Mellitus
- A 52-year-old male diabetic presents with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia. On examination, Pulse : 84 beats/minute, BP : 160/100 mm Hg, Chest and CVS examination unremarkable. Which of the following antihypertensive should be avoided in this patient ?
- Which of the following glucose lowering agent can be given as an injectable drug?
Which of the following statements are correct with regard to glucose homeostasis?
1. Insulin level rises postprandially.
2. Major portion of postprandial glucose is used by skeletal muscle.
3. Brain uses glucose in an insulin-dependent manner.
4. Glucagon is secreted during exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below :
Consider the following pancreatic hormones :
1. Insulin
2. Islet amyloid polypeptide or amylin
3. Glucagon
4. Somatostatin
Which of the above is/are secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets?
- Which one of the following insulin preparations has the longest effective duration of action?
