Which fourteenth-century traveller described how Indian chieftains fortified themselves using bamboo groves and rugged terrains for defence?
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta was a fourteenth-century Moroccan traveller who visited India during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and later served as a qazi in Delhi.
In his travel account, the Rihla, he described the defensive strategies of Indian chieftains, noting how they fortified themselves in inaccessible terrain, using dense bamboo groves and rugged, hilly landscapes to protect against invading forces.
Al-Biruni, an eleventh-century scholar, focused primarily on India's sciences, society, and religion rather than military fortification; Marco Polo mainly described coastal trade and southern kingdoms; and Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador of the Mauryan period, far earlier than the fourteenth century.
Hence, the answer is Ibn Battuta.
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