What are the various anomalies causing anomalous secondary growth in dicotyledonous plants?
Anomalous secondary growth in dicotyledonous plants refers to deviations from the typical ring-like formation of secondary xylem and phloem by a single vascular cambium. These anomalies often result from variations in cambial activity or the development of additional cambia.
One common anomaly involves the formation of accessory or supernumerary cambia. These can arise in the cortex, pith, or outside the primary vascular cylinder, producing additional vascular tissues, sometimes in concentric rings. For example, Boerhaavia develops successive rings of cambium. Another type is included phloem (or interxylary phloem), where strands of phloem become embedded within the secondary xylem, often due to the cambium producing phloem inwards instead of xylem, as seen in Bougainvillea. Conversely, intraxyllary phloem involves phloem strands within the pith, not associated with the main cambium. Other anomalies include diffused or lobed cambium, or the development of medullary vascular bundles within the pith, as found in some Cactaceae, all contributing to unique stem anatomies.
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