Global warming is Earth's long-term heating due to human activity, mainly fossil fuel burning, increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) levels. Climate change encompasses global warming and its broader impacts.

Causes:
Enhanced greenhouse effect from GHGs:

1. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Primarily from burning fossil fuels (energy, transport, industry) and deforestation.

2. Methane (CH4): From agriculture (livestock, rice), landfills, fossil fuel production.

3. Nitrous Oxide (N2O): From agricultural fertilizers, industrial processes.

Consequences:

1. Rising Global Temperatures: More frequent, intense heatwaves.

2. Melting Ice: Glaciers and ice caps melt, causing sea-level rise.

3. Extreme Weather: More intense droughts, floods, storms, wildfires.

4. Ocean Acidification: Harms marine ecosystems.

5. Biodiversity Loss: Species face extinction due to rapid climate shifts.

6. Impact on Agriculture: Reduced crop yields, food insecurity.

7. Health Impacts: Increased heat-related illness, vector-borne diseases.

Approaches to Deal with Global Warming:

1. Mitigation (Reducing Emissions):

   • Renewable Energy: Shift to solar, wind, hydro, nuclear.

   • Energy Efficiency: Improve energy use across sectors.

   • Sustainable Land Use: Afforestation, improved agricultural practices to sequester carbon.

   • Carbon Capture: Technologies to store CO2.

   • International Agreements: Global cooperation (e.g., Paris Agreement).

2. Adaptation (Adjusting to Impacts):

   • Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Sea walls, better drainage.

   • Climate-Smart Agriculture: Drought-resistant crops, early warning systems.

   • Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: Restoring mangroves for coastal protection.

Both mitigation and adaptation are critical for effectively addressing global warming.