To which branch of education, pragmatism makes the most important contribution :
Methods of teaching
Pragmatism's greatest and most lasting contribution to education lies in methods of teaching.
It gave the principle of learning by doing and introduced activity-centred, experience-based methods: the project method (W.H. Kilpatrick, 1918), the problem-solving method, experimentation and integrated or correlated teaching. These made the child active and teaching practical.
Pragmatism refuses fixed aims of education, does not offer a new theory of the structure of knowledge, and its utilitarian curriculum follows from its method; so its key contribution is not in these areas.
Hence, pragmatism makes the most important contribution to methods of teaching.
The weakness of pragmatic education is that it has ...........
The philosophy of naturalism came forward with reaction to .............. .
According to pragmatic philosophy, the values are .................. .
Philosophy of Experimentalism has given rise to :
According to idealism, what is the goal of education ?
Match the Philosophy of Physical education ‘‘I’’ with appropriate statement given in ‘‘II’’ :
List I
(a) Idealism
(b) Naturalism
(c) Pragmatism
(d) Realism
List II
(i) Need not lay too much emphasis on competition inspire children for individual excellence
(ii) Insists physical educators to take cognizance of needs, interests and aptitudes of child
(iii) Helps every child to actualize his potential to an optimal extent
(iv) Ideas are enduring and physical objects are nothing more than ideas
(a) (b) (c) (d)
| LIST-I (Educational Philosophy) | LIST-II (Curriculum Focus) |
| A. Perennialism | I. Examination of social, economic and political problems, equality of educational opportunity |
| B. Progressivism | II. Constant curriculum, classical subjects, literary analysis |
| C. Essentialism | III. Interdisciplinary subject matter, activities and projects |
| D. Reconstructionism | IV. Mastering the skills, facts and concepts, back to basics movement |
| List - I | List - II |
|---|---|
| (a) Mitwelt | (i) A person exists in a given particular place at a particular time. Being conscious of it one can choose the direction of one’s life. |
| (b) Dasein | (ii) The experiences and meaning we share with others through our relationships |
| (c) Umwelt | (iii) Unique presence of human beings of self-awareness and self relatedness. |
| (d) Eigenwelt | (iv) The biological and natural environment for human beings and animals including biological needs, drives, and instincts. |
Match the terms of List - I with that of List - II select the correct option using the codes given below :
| List – I | List – II | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | Idealism | (i) | Individual experience determine what is true. |
| (b) | Realism | (ii) | Individual learns the truth through experiences. |
| (c) | Pragmatism | (iii) | Science reveals the truth. |
| (d) | Existentialism | (iv) | Truth and values are absolute and universally shared. |
Codes :
| List – I (Points of accent) | List – II (Schools of Philosophy) |
| (a) Education for eternal values | (i) Idealism |
| (b) Education for democracy | (ii) Realism |
| (c) Emphasis on mass production | (iii) Naturalism |
| (d) Scientific method | (iv) Pragmatism |
| (v) Existentialism | |
| (vi) Marxism |