The Gaia hypothesis was propounded in 1999 by :
James Lovelock
Option 1 — James Lovelock is correct.
The Gaia hypothesis is the proposition that the Earth's living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings to form a single, self-regulating, complex system that maintains conditions suitable for life on the planet. The system behaves almost like a living organism, keeping variables such as global temperature, atmospheric composition and ocean salinity within life-supporting limits.
It was formulated by the British scientist James Lovelock, working with microbiologist Lynn Margulis. Lovelock continued to develop and popularise the idea across several works, and in the context of management and environmental thought it is credited to him.
Why the other options are wrong: Milton Friedman is an economist associated with monetarism and the shareholder view of the firm. Lord Keynes founded Keynesian macroeconomics. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an Enlightenment political philosopher (the social contract). None of them advanced the Gaia idea.
Takeaway: The Gaia hypothesis — Earth as a self-regulating living system — is associated with James Lovelock.
Similar Questions
If the rate of return on investment opportunity is likely to be 15 percent, the opportunity cost of capital is 10 percent, the earnings per share is ₹ 10 and if the pay-out ratio is 40 percent, the price of share according to Walter Model will be :
If the total cash requirement of a company is ₹ 2 crore next year, the opportunity cost of funds is 15 percent per annum and the cost of conversion from securities to cash per transaction is ₹ 150, the optimum cash balance as per Baumol’s Model will be :
Let the face value of commercial paper be denoted by F.V., net amount realised from the commercial paper be NAR, maturity period of commercial paper be MP. The effective pre - tax cost of commercial paper shall be :
The average spread between the cost of goods sold and the sales revenue is indicated by :
EBIT - EPS indifference point is the level of :
Capital structure of a business unit consists of :
In computation of the weighted average cost of capital, weights are assigned as per :
In the formula \(k_d = \frac{I}{B_0}\) used for computation of the cost of debt capital, \(B_0\) denotes as which one of the following ?
The cost arising out of the failure of the customers to meet their obligations when payment on credit sales become due after the expiry of the credit period, may be attributed to which one of the following ?
If your score in an exam was 80, with a mean of 60, what would be the standardised score for this exam if the standard deviation is 15 ?
Important Questions from Miscellaneous
Which gas shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun?
Which event is marked as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO?
Who has been conferred with the rank of the Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2018?
Who directead the film ‘Bhuvan Shome’?
The book “In my mother’s house” is written by _______
