The doctrine of mens rea as a running thread in the form of :
Intentionally, voluntarily, knowingly, fraudulently, dishonestly and the like...
The doctrine of mens rea, meaning 'guilty mind', is not stated in the IPC as an independent principle but runs through the Code in the form of specific fault terms used in each definition of offence. Words such as 'intentionally', 'voluntarily', 'knowingly', 'fraudulently', 'dishonestly', 'negligently', 'rashly' and the like carry the requirement of a blameworthy mental state. The Supreme Court in Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab and State of Maharashtra v. M.H. George reiterated that mens rea is generally an essential ingredient unless expressly excluded. Thus, in Indian criminal law mens rea manifests itself through the various fault terms sprinkled across the sections of the IPC and other penal statutes.
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'Animus Possidendi' means :
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For a given unijunction transistor (UJT) circuit peak voltage (\(V_p\)) is ...........
Symbols carry usual meaning.For the operational amplifier circuit shown below, the output waveform \(V_{OUT}(t)\) is:
