Some parts of the sentence have an error and some parts are correct. Find out which part of the sentence has an error. If a sentence is free from error, choose 'No error' as the answer.
(b)
Analyzing the Sentence for Grammar Errors: Affect vs. Effect
Let's carefully examine each part of the given sentence to identify any grammatical errors. The sentence is broken down into three parts and an option for no error.
The sentence provided is: "Why does the lapse rate (a) / effect the tendency (b) / of air to rise? (c) / No error (d)"
Examining Part (a): "Why does the lapse rate"
This part of the sentence forms the beginning of a question. The structure "Why does + subject + base verb" is grammatically correct for forming questions in English when the main verb is in the present tense. In this case, 'lapse rate' is the subject. This part appears to be correct.
Examining Part (b): "effect the tendency"
This part contains the word "effect". The words "affect" and "effect" are often confused because they look similar but have different uses. Typically, 'affect' is a verb meaning to influence or produce a change in something, while 'effect' is a noun meaning a result or consequence. In some cases, 'effect' can be used as a verb meaning to bring about or accomplish something (e.g., "to effect change"), but this is less common than 'affect' as a verb meaning to influence.
In the context of the sentence, the lapse rate is being described as doing something to the tendency of air to rise. This 'doing something' is an action, a verb. We need a verb that means 'to influence' or 'to impact' the tendency. The word that fits this meaning is the verb 'affect'. Therefore, "effect" is used incorrectly here as a verb; it should be "affect".
Let's look at the common usage:
| Word | Typical Use | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affect | Verb | To influence, impact, or produce a change in something | The weather will affect our plans. |
| Effect | Noun | A result or consequence | The weather had a negative effect on our mood. |
| Effect | Verb (less common) | To bring about, accomplish, or cause something to happen | They hoped to effect a speedy resolution. |
Based on the meaning required in the sentence ("Why does the lapse rate influence the tendency..."), the correct word should be the verb 'affect'.
Examining Part (c): "of air to rise?"
This part completes the idea of 'the tendency'. 'Tendency' is a noun, and 'of air to rise' is a phrase specifying what kind of tendency is being discussed. The phrase 'to rise' is an infinitive acting as a complement to the noun 'tendency'. The question mark at the end is appropriate for an interrogative sentence starting with "Why does...". This part appears to be correct.
Conclusion on the Error Part
The error lies in part (b) where the word "effect" is used instead of "affect". The sentence should read: "Why does the lapse rate affect the tendency of air to rise?"
Therefore, the part of the sentence with the error is (b).
Revision Table: Common Grammatical Confusions
| Confused Pair | Word 1 Usage/Meaning | Word 2 Usage/Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Affect / Effect | Affect: (Verb) To influence | Effect: (Noun) Result; (Verb, less common) To bring about |
| There / Their / They're | There: (Adverb) Location; (Pronoun) Used to start a sentence | Their: (Possessive Pronoun) Belonging to them |
| To / Too / Two | To: (Preposition) Indicates direction; (Part of infinitive) e.g., to run | Too: (Adverb) Also, excessively |
| Its / It's | Its: (Possessive Pronoun) Belonging to it | It's: (Contraction) It is or it has |
Additional Information: Understanding Affect and Effect
Understanding the difference between 'affect' and 'effect' is a common challenge in English grammar. Remembering the primary usage can help avoid mistakes:
- Think of Affect as an Action verb (to influence).
- Think of Effect as a result (often a noun).
While 'effect' can sometimes be a verb meaning 'to bring about', in most cases where you mean 'to influence', 'affect' is the correct word. For example, a change in temperature affects the density of air. The effect of the temperature change is a change in density.
Paying attention to whether you need a noun (result) or a verb (influence) in a sentence is key to choosing between 'affect' and 'effect'. In the given sentence, the lapse rate performs an action (influencing) on the tendency, so the verb 'affect' is required.
Important Questions from Error Spotting
Direction: Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and (c) Read each sentence to determine whether there is an error in any underlined part and indicate your response in the Answer Sheet against the corresponding letter, i.e., (a) or (b) or (c). If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
A honest mistake (a) / is no more than that; (b) / just an honest mistake. (c) / No error (d)Direction: Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and (c) Read each sentence to determine whether there is any error in any underlined part and indicate your response in the Answer Sheet against the corresponding letter, i.e., (a) or (b) or (c). If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
A company of five thousand soldiers , (a) / having marched tirelessly for over five days , (b) / have just moved into their cantonment . (c) / No error (d)Direction: Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and (c) Read each sentence to determine whether there is an error in any underlined part and indicate your response in the Answer Sheet against the corresponding letter, i.e., (a) or (b) or (c). If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
Every person who believes in principles (a) / must stand up to fight (b) / for their convictions . (c) / No error (d)Direction: Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and (c) Read each sentence to determine whether there is any error in any underlined part and indicate your response in the Answer Sheet against the corresponding letter, i.e., (a) or (b) or (c). If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
The Olympic Games reflects(a) / the highest spirit of (b) / human endeavour and achievement . (c) / No error (d)Direction: Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and (c) Read each sentence to determine whether there is an error in any underlined part and indicate your response in the Answer Sheet against the corresponding letter, i.e., (a) or (b) or (c). If you find no error, your response should be indicated as (d).
The principal of the school (a) / stressed the need for discipline (b) / amongst the students. (c) / No error (d)
