Question
Salient features of classical conditioning are
1. Responses are voluntary.
2. Based on principle of association by contiguity.
3. Antecedent stimuli are important in forming association.
4. Goal is to increase the rate of an already occurring response.
5. Goal is to create a new response to stimulus.
Codes:
The correct answer is
2, 3 and 5
Classical Conditioning: Salient Features Analysis
Classical conditioning, pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, is a type of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
Statement Analysis
- Statement 1: Responses are voluntary. This is incorrect. Classical conditioning deals with involuntary, automatic responses (reflexes), such as salivation or fear. Voluntary responses are associated with operant conditioning.
- Statement 2: Based on principle of association by contiguity. This is correct. The learning occurs because the neutral stimulus (NS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) are presented together repeatedly (contiguity), allowing an association to form.
- Statement 3: Antecedent stimuli are important in forming association. This is correct. The association is formed between stimuli that *precede* the response. The neutral stimulus (later conditioned stimulus) comes before the unconditioned stimulus and the subsequent response.
- Statement 4: Goal is to increase the rate of an already occurring response. This describes operant conditioning, not classical conditioning. Classical conditioning aims to elicit a response to a new stimulus.
- Statement 5: Goal is to create a new response to stimulus. This is correct. The goal is for a previously neutral stimulus to elicit a response (conditioned response) after it has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the salient features of classical conditioning among the given statements are 2, 3, and 5.
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Important Questions from Principles and theories of learning - Teaching
Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer by choosing from code given below :
List - I
(Concept)List - II
(Description)(a) Counter-conditioning (i) After conditioning, a new CS(B) when paired with already conditioned stimulus CS(A) and presented as a compound stimulus, little or no conditioning occurs to CS(B). (b) Blocking (ii) Elimination of undesirable behaviour by pairing CS with US other than the one that originally reinforced that behaviour. (c) Overshadowing (iii) Inhibition of conditioned response caused by conditioned emotional response. (d) Conditioned Suppression (iv) While using compound CS where one of its components is more salient than the other, only the salient component is conditioned.
Code :- Which of the following terms explains the Reinforcement which is given only if a specific response is made ?
- Read each of the following statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R); and indicate your answer using code given below :
Assertion (A): Premack principle, based on Probability-Differential Hypothesis, states that the opportunity to engage in a frequently occurring activity can be used to reinforce less frequently activity.
Reason (R) : According to Probability-Differential Hypothesis, restricted access to a response makes that response reinforcing and excessive access to that response makes that response punishing.
Code : - Read each of the following two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below :
Assertion (A): Conditioning fails to occur when unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus are paired in a random order.
Reason (R) : Cognitive processes involving expectation play an important role in classical conditioning.
Codes: - Which of the following is an application of operant conditioning ?
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