Match the columns and select the appropriate code : Codes : (1) (2) (3) (4)Column I Column II (1) Quantitative observation (i) Observing all potentially relevant phenomenon (2) Qualitative observation (ii) Observation done in laboratory (3) Laboratory observation (iii) Standardized observation (4) Naturalistic observation (iv) Observation done in real world settings
(iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
Observation methods in research differ in how structured the recording is and where it takes place. Each type in Column I has a defining feature listed in Column II.
Quantitative observation is standardized observation: behaviours are recorded with fixed categories, checklists or counts so that different observers produce comparable data. Qualitative observation is open-ended: the researcher tries to observe all potentially relevant phenomena without a predetermined coding scheme. Laboratory observation is observation done in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Naturalistic observation is observation done in real-world settings, where behaviour occurs naturally without manipulation.
The correct matching is therefore Quantitative observation with standardized observation, Qualitative observation with observing all potentially relevant phenomena, Laboratory observation with observation done in the laboratory, and Naturalistic observation with observation in real-world settings. The other codes either swap the laboratory and naturalistic settings or pair qualitative observation with laboratory work, which contradicts the definitions.
(iii) (i) (ii) (iv) option is correct.
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