In which one of the following works published in 1919, Mackinder propounded his theory of ‘Heartland’ ?
The Democratic Ideals and Reality
The Democratic Ideals and Reality option is correct.
Halford J. Mackinder first sketched the Heartland thesis in his 1904 Royal Geographical Society paper The Geographical Pivot of History. He then developed it into full book form in 1919 as Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction, written for the Paris Peace Conference audience. It is in this 1919 volume that the famous dictum appears: “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; who rules the World-Island commands the World.”
Friedrich Ratzel's Political Geography (1897) is a different foundational text; Prisoners of Geography is Tim Marshall's 2015 popular work; The Origin of the First World War is a distractor title.
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