In a soil mechanics and engineering project, a stratigraphic column below the horizontal ground level of a wide valley is formed by 3 m of coarse gravels over a 12 m clay deposit. Below the clay is a highly permeable fractured sandstone. The water table in the gravel layer is 0.6 m below ground surface. In the sandstone substratum artesian condition with a piezometric height of 6 m above ground level exist. The gravel layer is very permeable and assumed to be hydrostatic. Determine the pore water pressure distribution.
23.54 kPa
23.54 kPa option is correct.
Because the gravel is very permeable and hydrostatic, pore pressure in the gravel is governed simply by the depth of a point below the water table (0.6 m below ground surface). The interesting boundary is the top of the clay at 3 m depth, i.e., 2.4 m below the water table.
Step 1 — head above the point: \(h=3.0-0.6=2.4\ \text{m}\).
Step 2 — hydrostatic pore pressure: \(u=\gamma_{w}\,h=9.81\times2.4\approx23.54\ \text{kPa}\).
This is the pore pressure at the top of the clay, the anchor value from which the linear clay-layer distribution is drawn up to the artesian boundary below. The remaining options (54.23, 70.45, 96.01 kPa) correspond to deeper points in the profile or to alternative artesian scenarios and are not the top-of-clay value the question asks for.
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