How would one characterize the trajectory of India’s industrial sector during the Five-Year Plans up to 1990?
Showing significant growth in fundamental and heavy industries, but often falling short of targets and facing inefficiencies
From the Second Plan onwards, India followed a public-sector-led strategy that built up heavy and basic industries such as steel, machinery, power and chemicals; the industrial base widened considerably and the share of industry in GDP rose.
At the same time, many plans missed their industrial targets, and the sector suffered from the licence-permit raj, protection from foreign competition, under-utilised capacity and loss-making public sector units.
Growth did not consistently exceed targets, technology remained outdated and goods were not globally competitive, and the private sector was tightly controlled through industrial licensing rather than being the main driver.
Hence, the trajectory showed significant growth in fundamental and heavy industries, but often fell short of targets and faced inefficiencies.
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Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
