(a) Occurrence of loss
(b) Self-Justification
(c) Strengthening by external factor
(d) Rational expectation of positive outcome
Choose the correct option:
(d) $\rightarrow$ (a) $\rightarrow$ (c) $\rightarrow$ (b)
Understanding Escalation of Commitment Sequence
Escalation of commitment describes the tendency to persist with failing courses of action, even when negative consequences become apparent. This phenomenon follows a specific sequence of psychological and behavioral steps.
Key Steps in Escalation of Commitment
The process typically begins with an initial decision based on positive expectations. When these expectations are unmet, leading to negative outcomes, individuals may feel compelled to justify their previous choices, often leading to further investment and commitment.
Based on the provided correct sequence, the steps are:
- (d) Rational expectation of positive outcome: This is the initial phase where a decision is made with the belief that it will yield favorable results.
- (a) Occurrence of loss: The initial decision does not result in the expected positive outcome; instead, a loss or negative consequence is encountered.
- (c) Strengthening by external factor: Despite the encountered loss, external factors (such as social pressure, institutional momentum, or perceived sunk costs) reinforce the commitment to the original course of action.
- (b) Self-Justification: Following the reinforcement, the individual engages in self-justification to rationalize the persistence and continued investment, seeking to validate the initial decision and avoid admitting failure.
This cyclical process, driven by the interplay of negative feedback, external influences, and cognitive biases like self-justification, leads to the escalation of commitment.
The correct sequence provided is: (d) $\rightarrow$ (a) $\rightarrow$ (c) $\rightarrow$ (b).
Important Questions from Analytical Decision Making (Notes)
- With only one match, between teams B and C, remaining in a tournament where each win fetches two points and a loss none, team A observes that they will become champions with more points than any other team if B wins, but not necessarily if B loses. Then
The following are the technology developmental phases.
Match List - I with List - II
List - I List - II (i) Organizational Phase (a) Specific goals and objectives are developed to achieve the vision (ii) Assessment and Analysis Phase (b) The technology planning team is formed (iii) Formulation Phase (c) The long-term goals are achieved (d) Based on the vision goals and objectives, a technology plan is developed Match the types of Quantitative research:
List-I List-II (1) Descriptive Survey Research (i) Ex-post-facto research (2) Correlation Research (ii) Cause-effect relationship between two
or more variables(3) Casual-comparative Research (iii) Degree of relationship between two or
more variables(4) Experimental Research (iv) Try to answer questions about the
current status of a phenomenon
Choose the correct answer from the following :Match the following types of research with its meaning:
Types of Research Meaning (1) Applied Research (i) Better understanding of the concept and
provides direction to initiate a more.(2) Exploratory Research (ii) Structured research aims at elucidating the data
and primary characteristics.(3) Descriptive Research (iii) Concerned with exploring the effect of one
variable on another.(4) Casual Research (iv) The goal is action oriented and focus on
immediate results.
Choose the correct options:_________________ psychology is a branch in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education.
