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Question

In an experiment one group of subjects was asked to estimate the product of $8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1$ in 5 seconds. The other group was asked to estimate the product of $1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 \times 5 \times 6 \times 7 \times 8$ in the same time. The former group attained a larger estimate than the later group. The biasing effect involved in this case is because of

The correct answer is
Adjustment

Biasing Effect in Estimation Explained

This question explores a common cognitive bias known as the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.

Anchoring and Adjustment: This bias occurs when people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the "anchor") when making decisions. They then make adjustments based on this anchor, but these adjustments are often insufficient.

Applying the Heuristic to the Products

In the experiment:

  • Group 1 (Descending Order): Estimated $8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1$. The initial numbers (8, 7, 6, 5) provide a high starting point (anchor).
  • Group 2 (Ascending Order): Estimated $1 \times 2 \times 3 \times 4 \times 5 \times 6 \times 7 \times 8$. The initial numbers (1, 2, 3, 4) provide a low starting point (anchor).

Reasoning for Different Estimates

Because Group 1 started with larger numbers, their initial anchor was significantly higher. Although both groups had limited time (5 seconds) and likely made insufficient adjustments, the adjustments made from the higher anchor resulted in a larger final estimate compared to the adjustments made from the lower anchor by Group 2. The difference in estimates arises because the initial number sequence influenced the starting point, and subsequent adjustments were inadequate to correct fully for the initial anchor's magnitude.

Therefore, the biasing effect observed is due to the process of Adjustment from an initial anchor.

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Important Questions from Analytical Decision Making (Notes)

  1. निम्नलिखित जानकारी का ध्यानपूर्वक अध्ययन करें और नीचे दिए गए प्रश्न के उत्तर दें : किसी संगठन में आई.टी. अधिकारी का चयन करने के लिए निम्नलिखित शर्तें हैं । उम्मीदवार को - 

    i. कम से कम 60% अंकों के साथ आई.टी. या कंप्यूटर विज्ञान में बी.ई./बी.टेक. होना चाहिए । 

    ii. 01-11-2016 को कम से कम 20 वर्ष और 26 वर्ष से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए । 

    iii. लिखित परीक्षा में कम से कम 60% अंक प्राप्त किए हों । 

    iv. साक्षात्कार में कम से कम 40% अंक प्राप्त किए हों । 

    उम्मीदवार के मामले में जो सभी शर्तों को पूरा करता है सिवाय, 

    a. उपर्युक्त (ii) में, लेकिन एक पोस्ट ग्रेज्यूएट है, उसका मामला जनरल मैनेजर को संदर्भित किया जाएगा । 

    b. उपर्युक्त (iv) में, लेकिन साक्षात्कार में कम से कम 35% अंक और लिखित परीक्षा में कम से कम 70% अंक प्राप्त किए हैं, उसका मामला संगठन के वाईस प्रेसिडेंट को संदर्भित किया जाएगा। 

    नीचे प्रश्न में एक उम्मीदवार का विवरण और विकल्पों में कार्यवाही के तरीके दिए गए है। उस कार्यवाही के तरीके का चयन करें जो व्यक्ति की उम्मीदवारी पर लागू होता है । करण का जन्म 19 मार्च 1995 को हुआ था । उसने बी.ई. (आई.टी.) में 65% अंक प्राप्त किए हैं । उसने लिखित परीक्षा और साक्षात्कार दोनों में 62% अंक प्राप्त किए हैं। यदि करण आवेदन करता है, तो निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी कार्यवाही होगी ?

  2. Match the following gases with their proportion.
     

    GasesPercentage by volume
    1. Argon(a) 0.03
    2. Carbon dioxide(b) 0.0018
    3. Hydrogen(c) 0.94
    4. Neon(d) 0.01
  3. Match the Layers of the Ionosphere in kms.
     

    LayerKms
    a. D-layer(1) 60-99 kms
    b. E-Layer(2) 90-130 kms
    c. Sporadic E-Layer(3) 110 kms
    d. E2 layer(4) 150 kms
  4. Match the amount of Insolation received at the earth's surface towards the poles (in%).
     

    LatitudesInsolation
    (in%)
    a. 60°(1) 57
    b. 70°(2) 47
    c. 80°(3) 43
    d. 90°(4) 42
  5. Match the List - I and List - II:
    Find the Primary and interim goal of Quality of Life.
     

    Primary and interim goalWeight
    (1) Improvement of Housing Quality(a) 74
    (2) Reduce violence against people(b) 52
    (3) Improvement of Cultural Environment(c) 44
    (4) Better utilization of individual talents and capabilities.(d) 47
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