An irregular mode of reproduction resulting in the development of an embryo without fertilization is called 1. Parthenogenesis 2. Apogamy 3. Sporophytic Budding
1, 2 and 3
All three terms provided in your question represent irregular, asexual modes of reproduction where an embryo develops without the fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization):
1. Parthenogenesis
Definition: This is a form of asexual reproduction where an embryo develops directly from an unfertilized egg cell.
Context: It occurs naturally in both plants (as a component of apomixis) and animals (such as honeybees, some reptiles, and sharks). Because there is no sperm involved, fertilization is bypassed entirely.
2. Apogamy
Definition: This occurs when a sporophyte (embryo/plant) develops directly from the cells of the gametophyte (like the synergids or antipodal cells in the embryo sac) without undergoing fertilization.
Context: It is highly common in lower vascular plants like ferns. Since it completely skips gametic fusion, it fits the description perfectly.
3. Sporophytic Budding (Adventitious Embryony)
Definition: In this phenomenon, an embryo develops directly from the diploid maternal sporophytic tissues of the ovule (such as the nucellus or integuments), completely bypassing the production of an egg cell or embryo sac.
Context: This leads to a condition called polyembryony and is commonly observed in citrus fruits (like oranges and lemons) and mangoes (Mangifera indica).
Final Conclusion
Since Parthenogenesis, Apogamy, and Sporophytic Budding are all irregular reproductive pathways in plants that successfully result in an embryo without any fertilization event:
Correct Answer: 1, 2 and 3
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