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Question

A key figure of the so-called Frankfurt School that relocated under threat from the Nazis, who explored culture through combining Marxist and psychoanalytic theories and argued that commodity culture is a form of mass deception, is :

This question was previously asked in
MH SET 2025 Paper 2 Sociology Question Paper (15-Jun-2025)
The correct answer is

Theodor Adorno

Theodor Adorno option is correct.

The Institut für Sozialforschung, better known as the Frankfurt School, developed an interdisciplinary critical theory that fused Marxist political economy with Freudian psychoanalysis. When the Nazis came to power, its principal figures — Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Löwenthal, Benjamin — relocated first to Geneva and then to New York and Los Angeles.

Theodor Adorno, together with Max Horkheimer, wrote the chapter "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" in Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944). It argues that commodified mass culture standardises taste, pacifies critical reason, and functions as a covert instrument of social domination — the exact position the stem paraphrases.

Nietzsche predates the school and offered no Marxist–psychoanalytic synthesis; Bourdieu is a later French sociologist of habitus and cultural capital; Foucault's genealogies of power/knowledge stand apart from Frankfurt critical theory. Only Adorno matches the description.

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