The first Topographical Survey in India was initiated by Major James Rennel.
Major James Rennel was appointed as the first Surveyor General of Bengal in 1767. He is credited with undertaking the initial systematic topographical survey of Bengal and later other parts of India during the British colonial period. His work laid the foundation for subsequent large-scale geographical surveys in the country.
Therefore, Major James Rennel is recognized as the pioneer of the topographical survey in India.