Subculture theory explores how specific groups within a larger society develop distinct norms, values, and behaviors that set them apart. Understanding the key figures associated with this theory is crucial.
Based on established academic associations, L.R. Goldberg's research focus does not align with the central themes of subculture theory, unlike Cohen and Cloward & Ohlin who are directly linked to its development.
| LIST-I Justification of Punishment | LIST-II Explanation |
|---|---|
| A. Deterrence | I. Dissuading a person from future wrongdoing by making punishment severe enough so that pleasure of offence overweighs pain of punishment. |
| B. Incapacitation | II. Incarceration makes prisoners confined and incapacitated from committing crime. |
| C. Restoration | III. For some minor offences punishment may be in the form of fines and compensation to the victims. |
| D. Rehabilitation | IV. Punishments directed to reform the offenders intending to make them law abiding citizens. |
| LIST-I United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders | LIST-II Was held in |
|---|---|
| A. The First Congress, 1955 | I. Milan |
| B. The Seventh Congress, 1985 | II. Vienna |
| C. The Tenth Congress, 2000 | III. Geneva |
| D. The Thirteenth Congress, 2015 | IV. Doha, Qatar |
Morgenthau's principles of political realism are:
A. Politics is rooted in permanent and unchanging human nature which is basically self centred, self-regarding and self-interested
B. Politics is an autonomous sphere of action and cannot therefore be reduced to morals
C. International Politics is an arena of conflicting self-interests
D. The ethics of international relations is situational ethics which is very different from private morality
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Who among the following political thinkers consider the anarchical self help system to be a compelling factor for States to maximise their relative power positions?