Which instrument is related to Chandrayaan-3 and delivered critical 'ground truth' data on the Moon’s plasma environment in December 2025?
RAMBHA-LP
RAMBHA-LP (Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere – Langmuir Probe) is one of the four scientific payloads carried by the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-3, developed by ISRO's Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC.
Its Langmuir probe measures near-surface plasma density and its variation with time, providing in-situ 'ground truth' of the tenuous lunar ionosphere near the south-polar region.
Peer-reviewed results released in December 2025 quantified the day-time plasma density at the landing site — the first such surface measurement on the Moon.
M3 (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) flew on Chandrayaan-1, IIRS-L is not a Chandrayaan-3 payload, and CHACE-2 was a Chandrayaan-2 orbiter instrument that studied neutral gases, not plasma.
Hence, the correct instrument is RAMBHA-LP.
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