Which hormone fluctuation is primarily linked to premenstrual syndrome symptoms?
Estrogen and progesterone
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) occurs in the luteal phase, 1–2 weeks before menstruation, and settles once menstruation begins.
Its symptoms — mood swings, irritability, bloating, breast tenderness — are linked to the cyclical rise and fall of oestrogen and progesterone, which affect serotonin and other neurotransmitters.
Oxytocin acts in labour and lactation, FSH drives follicle growth in the early cycle, and insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose.
Hence, Estrogen and progesterone.
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Important Questions from Midwifery and Obstetrical Nursing
A 29-year-old woman presents with primary infertility and regular cycles. Her hysterosalpingography reveals bilateral tubal blockage. Which investigation should be prioritized next for management?
During infertility assessment, a female is diagnosed with Asherman's syndrome. What is the primary mechanism by which this condition causes infertility?
A 30-year-old pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is at risk for Wernicke's encephalopathy. Which vitamin supplement is essential in her treatment plan?
During assessment, a midwife observes a blood-tinged mucus discharge, known as the 'show,' in a pregnant woman. What is the significance of this finding?
Effective maternal–infant bonding in the immediate postnatal period primarily helps the mother to achieve which of the following?
