Directions: In this section, there is a passage having some blank spaces, each blank space is followed by four individual words or group of words. Select a word or group of words you consider the most appropriate for filling the blank space, and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly. The Earth's climate is _______ (1) changing and evolving. Some of ______ (2) changes have been due to natural causes but others can be attributed to__________(3) activities such as deforestation, emissions from industry and transport, etc., which have led to the__________.(4) of gases and aerosols in _________(5) atmosphere. These gases are known as greenhouse gases because they trap heat and_______(6) air temperatures near the ground, acting like a greenhouse on the surface of the________(7) In order to create and strengthen the scientific and analytical capacity_________(8) assessment of climate change in the country, different studies under Climate Change Action Programme___________(9) Many important bilateral and multilateral meetings and negotiations are held_________(10) regular intervals.
What would come in blank space (9)?
Understanding the Cloze Test Passage
The provided passage discusses the Earth's changing climate, attributing some changes to natural causes and others to human activities like deforestation, industry emissions, and transport. These activities increase greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which trap heat and raise temperatures, similar to a greenhouse effect on the Earth's surface.
The latter part of the passage talks about efforts to build scientific capacity for assessing climate change in the country, specifically mentioning "different studies under Climate Change Action Programme". We need to choose the most appropriate verb phrase to complete the sentence involving these studies.
Analyzing Blank Space (9) and Options
The sentence containing blank (9) is: "In order to create and strengthen the scientific and analytical capacity_________ assessment of climate change in the country, different studies under Climate Change Action Programme___________(9)"
The subject of the clause we are filling is "different studies". The verb phrase should describe what is happening to these studies under the Climate Change Action Programme.
Let's look at the options:
- are developed
- are initiated
- have developed
- have initiated
Evaluating Verb Voice and Tense
The subject is "different studies". Studies do not perform the action of 'developing' or 'initiating' by themselves; they are acted upon. Therefore, the verb phrase needs to be in the passive voice. The passive voice structure is typically "be" verb + past participle.
- Options 3 ("have developed") and 4 ("have initiated") are in the active voice (present perfect tense). These would imply that the studies themselves are doing the developing or initiating, which doesn't make sense in this context. Thus, these options are incorrect.
- Options 1 ("are developed") and 2 ("are initiated") are in the passive voice (present tense). This structure correctly shows that the studies are receiving the action. Both are grammatically plausible, so we need to consider the meaning in the context of the passage.
Choosing Between 'are developed' and 'are initiated'
We are left with two passive voice options:
- are developed: This implies the studies are designed, planned, and perhaps ongoing or completed.
- are initiated: This implies the studies are being started or launched.
The sentence describes the purpose: "In order to create and strengthen the scientific and analytical capacity..." This purpose suggests that new efforts are being put in place. The term "initiated" strongly suggests the beginning or launch of these studies as part of the program to achieve the goal of strengthening capacity. While studies are also "developed," "initiated" fits slightly better in the context of starting new actions under a program aimed at capacity building.
Therefore, "are initiated" is the most appropriate choice to fill blank space (9).
Final Answer Selection
Based on the analysis of verb voice, tense, and the context of the passage regarding setting up efforts for climate change assessment, the most suitable phrase for blank (9) is "are initiated".
| Option | Phrase | Voice | Tense | Suitability for "different studies" |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | are developed | Passive | Present | Possible, but 'initiated' fits context slightly better |
| 2 | are initiated | Passive | Present | Most suitable; implies starting new studies |
| 3 | have developed | Active | Present Perfect | Incorrect; studies don't develop themselves |
| 4 | have initiated | Active | Present Perfect | Incorrect; studies don't initiate themselves |
Revision Table: Key Concepts
| Concept | Explanation | Relevance to Passage |
|---|---|---|
| Passive Voice | Subject receives the action (e.g., "studies are initiated"). | Needed because "studies" are acted upon, not performing the action. |
| Active Voice | Subject performs the action (e.g., "The program initiated studies"). | Incorrect for "different studies" as the subject. |
| Initiate | To start or begin something. | Fits the context of starting new studies under a program. |
| Develop | To grow or cause to grow and become more mature, advanced, or elaborate. | Can apply to studies, but 'initiate' is better for the context of starting program actions. |
Additional Information: Climate Change Action Programme
A Climate Change Action Programme is a comprehensive plan or set of initiatives undertaken by a government or organization to address the causes and effects of climate change. Such programs often involve:
- Policy formulation and implementation.
- Funding research and studies related to climate science and impacts.
- Promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.
- Developing adaptation and mitigation strategies.
- Participating in international climate negotiations.
The passage highlights that studies are conducted under such a program specifically to build capacity for assessment, which is crucial for understanding the problem and developing effective responses.
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Important Questions from Cloze Test
- Directions: Select the most appropriate option that will fill in the blank number 1.
- Directions: Select the most appropriate option that will fill in the blank number 2.
- Directions: Select the most appropriate option that will fill in the blank number 3.
- Directions: Select the most appropriate option that will fill in the blank number 4.
- Directions: Select the most appropriate option that will fill in the blank number 5.
