Question
The following assumptions must be fulfilled in the Chi-square test of significance
a. data should be continuous.
b. data has to be in frequencies.
c. all observations should be independent.
d. obtained frequencies are equal in all cells.
e. data has to be in ratio scale.
Codes :
The correct answer is
b and c
Chi-Square Test Assumptions Explained
The Chi-square test of significance is used to analyze categorical data. For the test results to be valid, certain assumptions about the data must be met. Let's examine the provided assumptions:
Assumption Analysis
- a. Data should be continuous: This is incorrect. The Chi-square test is designed for categorical data, analyzed in terms of frequencies or counts, not continuous measurements.
- b. Data has to be in frequencies: This is a core assumption. The Chi-square test analyzes observed frequencies (counts) of cases falling into different categories.
- c. All observations should be independent: This is a critical assumption. Each observation must be independent of all other observations; one case should not influence another.
- d. Obtained frequencies are equal in all cells: This is incorrect. While observed frequencies are compared to expected frequencies, there's no requirement for observed frequencies to be equal across all categories. A related assumption concerns minimum *expected* frequencies (typically >= 5).
- e. Data has to be in ratio scale: This is incorrect. The Chi-square test works with nominal (categorical) data presented as frequencies, not necessarily data measured on a ratio scale.
Conclusion on Assumptions
Based on the analysis, the necessary assumptions for the Chi-square test from the given options are:
- b. Data has to be in frequencies.
- c. All observations should be independent.
Therefore, the correct code representing these assumptions is 'b and c'.
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Important Questions from Measurement and Analysis of Data
- The following are the methods of nutritional assessment using anthropometry.
(i) Skin fold thickness
(ii) 24 hrs dietary recall
(iii) Mid Upper Arm Circumference
(iv) Blood Pressure
(v) Waist Hip Ratio
code : - Which of the following is not a method of Nutritional Status Assessment by anthropometry ?
- An increase in the alpha, the level of significance, causes
- Assertion (A) : The hypothesis that the researcher puts to test is called null hypothesis.
Reason (R) : The alternate hypothesis is accepted only when null hypothesis is rejected.
Codes : - Arrange in order the steps in testing for statistical significance :
a. Interpret the results.
b. Select and compute the test for statistical significance.
c. Select a probability of error level.
d. State the research hypothesis.
e. State the null hypothesis.
Codes :
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